Suhani Bhatia
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Independent analysis · 2026

A phone the welfare system assumes

Independent spatial analysis · State-level mapping · NFHS-5 factsheets

The question

Digitally mediated welfare (OTP, e-KYC, portability, many DBT corrections) assumes a woman can be reached on a phone she herself uses. NFHS-5 asks that question directly. It also asks whether she has a bank account she herself uses. Where the second exists and the first does not, the welfare system has an account it cannot easily speak to.

In Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, own-use accounts run more than 30 points ahead of own-use phones. Digital welfare that depends on OTP assumes the narrower number.
Chhattisgarh39.6 ppOdisha36.4 ppMadhya Pradesh36.2 ppJharkhand30.6 ppRajasthan29.4 ppUttar Pradesh28.9 ppHaryana23.2 ppPunjab20.4 ppUttarakhand19.3 ppTamil Nadu17.6 ppArunachal Pradesh1.8 pp

Gap = own-use bank account minus own-use mobile phone, women 15–49. Phase-II states only. Source: NFHS-5 factsheets. Spatial unit is the state. This is a ranked cartogram of the gap, published here as the map of the finding. A QGIS project file would use the same CSV.

Spatial unit: state. Sample: eleven NFHS-5 Phase-II states with published totals. Method: simple subtraction, mapped as a ranked cartogram. Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are the severe cases in this set. Tamil Nadu and Arunachal Pradesh are not. The policy implication is local: a digital-first grievance channel in Bhopal is a different object from the same channel in Chennai.

This is basic QGIS work in spirit: a join of an attribute table to a geography. The geography here is represented as a ranked map because a national shapefile would overclaim completeness. The CSV in the artefacts folder is what one would join.

State CSVPython that builds the gap